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Income in Canada is an annual analytical report which summarizes the economic well-being of Canadians. It includes an extensive collection of income statistics, covering topics such as income distribution, income tax, government transfers, and low income back to 1976. The data prior to 1993 are drawn from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). Beginning with 1998, the data are taken from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamnics (SLID). For the 1993 to 1997 period, estimates are based on a combined sample from SCF and SLID.
Income in Canada provides a complete list of the tables and directions for getting started. It also contains links to the background information on the survey, including content and methodology, and other SLID data products and services.
With this release, users now have free access to the 202 CANSIM Series tables. Tables are accessible using a PC or Mac via the web browser
السبت، 3 ديسمبر 2011
Wealth varies by family type
Wealth varies by family type
Married couples without children at home had the highest average total assets of any family type in 2009, at nearly $659,000. Female lone-parent families had the lowest average total assets, at $187,000, and unattached women aged 65 and older had the second-lowest, at $249,000.
Debts—including money owed on a mortgage, loan, line of credit, credit card or student loan—were highest for two-parent families with children, at an average debt of just over $130,000 in 2009. Married couples without children had an average debt of $61,000.
Family status plays a role in net worth, which is the value of assets minus debts. In 2009, married couples without children at home had the highest average net worth, at $597,000. Two-parent families with children had an average net worth of just over $442,000, whereas lone-parent fathers’ net worth was $135,000 and lone-parent mothers’ net worth averaged $119,000.
For senior families, home ownership plays an important role in their income. The income generated by the equity of homeowners increases the income of retirement-age households from 10% to 13% for those aged 60 to 69 and from 12% to 15% for those aged 70 and older.
Married couples without children at home had the highest average total assets of any family type in 2009, at nearly $659,000. Female lone-parent families had the lowest average total assets, at $187,000, and unattached women aged 65 and older had the second-lowest, at $249,000.
Debts—including money owed on a mortgage, loan, line of credit, credit card or student loan—were highest for two-parent families with children, at an average debt of just over $130,000 in 2009. Married couples without children had an average debt of $61,000.
Family status plays a role in net worth, which is the value of assets minus debts. In 2009, married couples without children at home had the highest average net worth, at $597,000. Two-parent families with children had an average net worth of just over $442,000, whereas lone-parent fathers’ net worth was $135,000 and lone-parent mothers’ net worth averaged $119,000.
For senior families, home ownership plays an important role in their income. The income generated by the equity of homeowners increases the income of retirement-age households from 10% to 13% for those aged 60 to 69 and from 12% to 15% for those aged 70 and older.
Spending decreases
In 2009, the average Canadian household curbed spending by 0.3% to $71,117 during the 2008–2009 recession. This was the first year-over-year decline since these data were first collected in 1997. While overall spending fell, prices rose in 2009: the annual average inflation rate measured by the Consumer Price Index was 0.3%.
Households cut back on non-essential items or those that could be postponed, such as recreation and household furnishings. Spending on home repairs and maintenance, however, rose 22% in 2009, likely because of the federal government’s Home Renovation Tax Credit program.
Food, shelter and clothing took up the largest share of household budgets in 2009, accounting for 34% of the average household’s spending, while personal taxes represented 20% and transportation, 14%. The one-fifth of households with the lowest income spent nearly 52% of their budgets on food, shelter and clothing.
Households cut back on non-essential items or those that could be postponed, such as recreation and household furnishings. Spending on home repairs and maintenance, however, rose 22% in 2009, likely because of the federal government’s Home Renovation Tax Credit program.
Food, shelter and clothing took up the largest share of household budgets in 2009, accounting for 34% of the average household’s spending, while personal taxes represented 20% and transportation, 14%. The one-fifth of households with the lowest income spent nearly 52% of their budgets on food, shelter and clothing.
Pension values rebound
In 2009, the total value of pensions rebounded almost to their 2007 level. After a steep decline in 2008, pension assets increased to $2.1 trillion, reflecting 2009’s stock market advances. The value of individual registered savings plans increased 20.5%, followed by social security pensions (13.3%) and employer-based pension plans (12.8%).
In 2008, contributions to pension plans rose 0.4% overall, although contributions to individual registered savings plans fell by 2.2%, reflecting the deterioration in household finances. Withdrawals from pensions increased 3.0% in 2008, compared with 7.1% the previous year.
In 2009, membership in registered pension plans (RPPs), which are established by employers or unions for employees, edged up 0.2% from 2008 to reach 6,024,000. The entire increase came from the public sector, where RPP membership rose 2.6% to 3,026,400. In the private sector, membership fell 2.1% to 2,997,300.
The proportion of employees covered by an RPP was 39.2% in 2009 (40.4% for women and 38.1% for men). The rate for women was higher because of the high proportion of women in the public sector, where the majority (87.3%) of female employees are covered by a pension plan.
The coverage rate for RPPs in the private sector was just over 25%.
In 2008, contributions to pension plans rose 0.4% overall, although contributions to individual registered savings plans fell by 2.2%, reflecting the deterioration in household finances. Withdrawals from pensions increased 3.0% in 2008, compared with 7.1% the previous year.
In 2009, membership in registered pension plans (RPPs), which are established by employers or unions for employees, edged up 0.2% from 2008 to reach 6,024,000. The entire increase came from the public sector, where RPP membership rose 2.6% to 3,026,400. In the private sector, membership fell 2.1% to 2,997,300.
The proportion of employees covered by an RPP was 39.2% in 2009 (40.4% for women and 38.1% for men). The rate for women was higher because of the high proportion of women in the public sector, where the majority (87.3%) of female employees are covered by a pension plan.
The coverage rate for RPPs in the private sector was just over 25%.
Income, pensions, spending and wealth
After four years of growth, the median after-tax income for Canadian families of two or more people remained virtually stable in 2008 at $63,900. The level was unchanged in all provinces except British Columbia and Saskatchewan, where median after-tax income for families of two or more rose 5.7%. After-tax income for unattached individuals was also unchanged nationally in 2008, at $24,900, the first time in three years with no notable change.
Having dropped to its lowest level in 30 years in 2007, the proportion of Canadians living below the low income cut-off after tax was at 9.4%, virtually unchanged from 2007. Just over 3 million Canadians lived in low income in 2008. The proportion of children in low-income families was 9.1% in 2008, half the 1996 peak of 18.4%.
For most types of families, the median amount of income taxes, federal and provincial, paid in 2008 was stable from the year before. Families of two or more people paid $8,800 and unattached individuals paid $2,400, both unchanged from 2007. Senior families (families with at least one person aged 65 and older) paid $2,400, around $500 less than in 2007.
Having dropped to its lowest level in 30 years in 2007, the proportion of Canadians living below the low income cut-off after tax was at 9.4%, virtually unchanged from 2007. Just over 3 million Canadians lived in low income in 2008. The proportion of children in low-income families was 9.1% in 2008, half the 1996 peak of 18.4%.
For most types of families, the median amount of income taxes, federal and provincial, paid in 2008 was stable from the year before. Families of two or more people paid $8,800 and unattached individuals paid $2,400, both unchanged from 2007. Senior families (families with at least one person aged 65 and older) paid $2,400, around $500 less than in 2007.
الخميس، 1 ديسمبر 2011
The Bermuda Triangle
The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and surface vessels allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Popular culture has attributed these disappearances to the paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial beings.[1] ********ed evidence indicates that a significant percen***e of the incidents were inaccurately reported or embellished by later authors, and numerous official agencies have stated that the number and nature of disappearances in the region is similar to that in any other area of ocean.[2][3][4]
The Triangle area
The area of the Triangle varies by author
The boundaries of the triangle cover the Straits of Florida, the Bahamas and the entire Caribbean island area and the Atlantic east to the Azores. The more familiar triangular boundary in most written works has as its points somewhere on the Atlantic coast of Miami; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda, with most of the accidents concentrated along the southern boundary around the Bahamas and the Florida Straits.
The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points north.
History
Origins
The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 16, 1950 Associated Press article by Edward Van Winkle Jones.[5] Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door",[6] a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered in the April 1962 issue of American Legion Magazine.[7] It was claimed that the flight leader had been heard saying "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the water is green, no white." It was also claimed that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes "flew off to Mars." Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. In the February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis's article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region.[8] The next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book, Invisible Horizons.[9]
Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis's ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost, 1969, repr. 1973);[10] Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[11] Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974),[12] and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.[13]
Larry Kusche
Lawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda Triangle Mystery: Solved (1975)[14] argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman Donald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost three days out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percen***e of the incidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on possibly relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.
Kusche concluded that:
The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
In an area frequented by tropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part, neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious; furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail to mention such storms.
The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 off Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.
The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.[14]
Further responses
When the UK Channel 4 television program "The Bermuda Triangle" (c. 1992) was being produced by John Simmons of Geofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurer Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually large number of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's of London determined that large numbers of ships had not sunk there.[15]
United States Coast Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.[14]
The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their inquiries, much ********ation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg in the Gulf of Mexico, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,[16] in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup.[10]
The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place... Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."[17]
David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claim that a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that is not true. You can even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a claim untrue. The burden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they got their information from, to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything out."[17]
Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[18] and Barry Singer,[19] have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint.
Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons.[citation needed] The city of Freeport, located inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000 flights annually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.[20]
Supernatural explanations
Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame on leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.[21]
Other writers attribute the events to UFOs.[22] This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science fiction film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.
Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[11]
Natural explanations
Compass variations
Compass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,[23] such anomalies have not been shown to exist. Compasses have natural magnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known for centuries. Magnetic (compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same for a small number of places - for example, as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico.[24] But the public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.[14]
Deliberate acts of destruction
Deliberate acts of destruction can fall into two categories: acts of war, and acts of piracy. Records in enemy files have been checked for numerous losses. While many sinkings have been attributed to surface raiders or submarines during the World Wars and ********ed in various command log books, many others suspected as falling in that category have not been proven. It is suspected that the loss of USS Cyclops in 1918, as well as her sister ships Proteus and Nereus in World War II, were attributed to submarines, but no such link has been found in the German records.
Piracy—the illegal capture of a craft on the high seas—continues to this day. While piracy for cargo theft is more common in the western Pacific and Indian oceans, drug smugglers do steal pleasure boats for smuggling operations, and may have been involved in crew and yacht disappearances in the Caribbean. Piracy in the Caribbean was common from about 1560 to the 1760s, and famous pirates included Edward Teach (Blackbeard) and Jean Lafitte.[citation needed]
False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mi/h).[25] A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.
Human error
One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel is human error.[26] Whether deliberate or accidental, humans have been known to make mistakes resulting in catastrophe, and losses within the Bermuda Triangle are no exception. For example, the Coast Guard cited a lack of proper training for the cleaning of volatile benzene residue as a reason for the loss of the tanker SS V.A. Fogg in 1972[citation needed]. Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958.[27]
Hurricanes
Hurricanes are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives lost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle.
Methane hydrates
Main article: Methane clathrate
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.
Source: USGS
An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of vast fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on the continental ****ves.[28] Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water;[29] any wreckage consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If this were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.
Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, off the southeastern United States coast.[30] However, according to another of their papers, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[15]
Rogue waves
In various oceans around the world, rogue waves have caused ships to sink[31] and oil platforms to topple.[32] These waves, until 1995, were considered to be a mystery and/or a myth.[33][34]
Notable incidents
Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents
Flight 19
Main article: Flight 19
US Navy TBF Grumman Avenger flight, similar to Flight 19. This photo had been used by various Triangle authors to illustrate Flight 19 itself. (US Navy)
Flight 19 was a training flight of TBM Avenger bombers that went missing on December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight path was scheduled to take them due east for 120 miles, north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 120-mile leg that would return them to the naval base, but they never returned. The impression is given[citation needed] that the flight encountered unusual phenomena and anomalous compass readings, and that the flight took place on a calm day under the supervision of an experienced pilot, Lt. Charles Carroll Taylor. Adding to the intrigue is that the Navy's report of the accident ascribed it to "causes or reasons unknown."[citation needed]
Adding to the mystery, a search and rescue Mariner aircraft with a 13-man crew was dispatched to aid the missing squadron, but the Mariner itself was never heard from again. Later, there was a report from a tanker cruising off the coast of Florida of a visible explosion[35] at about the time the Mariner would have been on patrol.
While the basic facts of this version of the story are essentially accurate, some important details are missing. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident, and naval reports and written recordings of the conversations between Taylor and the other pilots of Flight 19 do not indicate magnetic problems.[36]
Mary Celeste
Main article: Mary Celeste
The mysterious abandonment in 1872 of the 282-ton brigantine Mary Celeste is often but inaccurately connected to the Triangle, the ship having been abandoned off the coast of Portugal. The event is possibly confused with the loss of a ship with a similar name, the Mari Celeste, a 207-ton paddle steamer that hit a reef and quickly sank off the coast of Bermuda on September 13, 1864.[37][38] Kusche noted that many of the "facts" about this incident were actually about the Marie Celeste, the fictional ship from Arthur Conan Doyle's short story "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (based on the real Mary Celeste incident, but fictionalised).
Ellen Austin
The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's of London records proved the existence of the ****, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the **** was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.[39]
USS Cyclops
Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4)
The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when USS Cyclops, under the command of Lt Cdr G.W. Worley, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[40][41]
Theodosia Burr Alston
Further information: Theodosia Burr Alston
Theodosia Burr Alston was the daughter of former United States Vice President Aaron Burr. Her disappearance has been cited at least once in relation to the Triangle.[42] She was a passenger on board the Patriot, which sailed from Charleston, South Carolina to New York City on December 30, 1812, and was never heard from again. The planned route is well outside all but the most extended versions of the Bermuda Triangle. Both piracy and the War of 1812 have been posited as explanations, as well as a theory placing her in Texas, well outside the Triangle.
Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the Cape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921, two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard)
Carroll A. Deering
Main article: Carroll A. Deering
A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possibly involving another ship, S.S. Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated that the Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's disappearance.[43]
Douglas DC-3
Main article: NC16002 disappearance
On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people onboard was ever found. From the ********ation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark to their cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.[44]
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
Main articles: G-AHNP "Star Tiger" and G-AGRE "Star Ariel"
G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Ariel disappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways.[45] Both planes were operating at the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[14]
KC-135 Stratotankers
On August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis[8][11][12]) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research[14] showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.
SS Marine Sulphur Queen
Main article: SS Marine Sulphur Queen
SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a T2 tanker converted from oil to sulfur carrier, was last heard from on February 4, 1963 with a crew of 39 near the Florida Keys. Marine Sulphur Queen was the first vessel mentioned in Vincent Gaddis' 1964 Argosy Magazine article,[8] but he left it as having "sailed into the unknown", despite the Coast Guard report, which not only ********ed the ship's badly-maintained history, but declared that it was an unseaworthy vessel that should never have gone to sea.[46][47]
Connemara IV
A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer[11][12]) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force.[14] It was confirmed that the Connemara IV was empty and in port when Ione may have caused the yacht to slip her moorings and drift out to sea.[citation needed]
Influence on culture
Entertainment
The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride called Bermuda Triangle.
Music
Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region.
Movies
The Triangle, a 2001 thriller television movie, is set in the Bermuda Triangle.
The Triangle is also a three-part science fiction miniseries concerning the Bermuda Triangle.
Triangle authors
The incidents cited above, apart from the official ********ation, come from the following works. Some incidents mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:
Gian J. Quasar (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery ((Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6) ed.). International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press. ISBN 0-07-142640-X.
[11] Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
[14] Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
[10] John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
David Group (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X.
[38] Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
[12] Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.
Richard Winer (1975). The Devil's Triangle 2. ISBN 0553024647.
[42] Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.
See also
List of Bermuda Triangle incidents
Atlantis
Devil's Sea (or Dragon's Triangle)
The Michigan Triangle
Sargasso Sea
SS Cotopaxi
The Triangle (TV miniseries)
Vile Vortices
References
^ Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2003). "Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia". Journal of Teacher Education 54: 275. doi:10.1177/0022487103256793.
^ Bermuda Triangle
^ Bermuda Triangle
^ USCG: Frequently Asked Questions
^ E.V.W. Jones (September 16, 1950). "unknown title, newspaper articles". Associated Press.
^ George X. Sand (October 1952). "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door". Fate.
^ Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). "The Lost Patrol". American Legion.
^ a b c Vincent Gaddis (February 1964). "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle". Argosy: 28–29, 116–118..
^ Vincent Gaddis (1965). Invisible Horizons.
^ a b c John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
^ a b c d e Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
^ a b c d Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.
^ "Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913–2003". Skeptic (Altadena, CA). March , 2004.
^ a b c d e f g h Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
^ a b "Bermuda Triangle". Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole.
^ "V A Fogg" (PDF). USCG.
^ a b "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. PBS. 1976-06-27.
^ Taves, Ernest (1978). The Skeptical Inquirer 111 (1): pp. 75–76.
^ Singer, Barry (1979). The Humanist XXXIX (3): pp. 44–45.
^ CIA World Factbook -- Bahamas, The
^ "A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers". Skeptical Inquirer. January 2004.[dead link]
^ "UFO over Bermuda Triangle". Ufos.about.com. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Bermuda Triangle". US Navy. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ "National Geomagnetism Program | Charts | North America | Declination" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
^ Phillips, Pamela. "The Gulf Stream". USNA/Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
^ "Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue". National Geographic. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ Scott, Captain Thomas A.. Histories & Mysteries: The Shipwrecks of Key Largo.
^ "Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE". OTSI.
^ "Could methane bubbles sink ships?". Monash Univ..
^ Paull, C.K. and W.P., D., 1981, (1981). "Appearance and distribution of the gas hydrate reflection in the Blake Ridge region, offshore southeastern United States". Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole. MF-1252..
^ Broad, William J. (July 11, 2006). "Rogue Giants at Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
^ [1][dead link]
^ "ESA Portal - Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites". Esa.int. 1995-01-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Secret to Towering Rogue Waves Revealed". LiveScience. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "The Loss of Flight 19". [2].
^ "The Disappearance of Flight 19". Bermuda Triangle .org.
^ "Mari Celeste Wreck". Shipwreckexpo.com. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ a b Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
^ "Ellen Austin". Bermuda Triangle .org.
^ "Bermuda triangle". D Merrill.
^ "Myths and Folklore of Bermuda". Bermuda Cruises.
^ a b Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.
^ "Carroll A Deering". Graveyard of the Atlantic.
^ "Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948" (PDF). Aviation Safety.
^ "The Tudors". Bermuda Triangle .org.
^ "Marine Sulphur Queen" (PDF). USCG.
^ "The Queen with the Weak Back". TIME. March 8, 1963. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Other sources
Newspaper articles
Proquest [3] has newspaper source material for many incidents, archived in .pdf format. The newspapers include the New York Times, Washington Post, and the Atlanta Constitution. To access this website, registration is required, usually through a library connected to a college or university.
Flight 19
"Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida," New York Times, December 7, 1945.
"Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes," Washington Post, December 7, 1945.
"Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men," Washington Post, December 9, 1945.
SS Cotopaxi
"Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As "Missing," New York Times, January 7, 1926.
"Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail," Washington Post, December 6, 1925.
"Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship," Washington Post, December 7, 1925.
"53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved," Washington Post, December 13, 1925.
USS Cyclops (AC-4)
"Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage," Washington Post, March 11, 1918.
"Collier Overdue A Month," New York Times, April 15, 1918.
"More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops," New York Times, April 16, 1918.
"Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops," New York Times, April 17, 1918.
"Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
"U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
"Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said," Washington Post, April 16, 1918.
"Fate Of Ship Baffles," Washington Post, April 16, 1918.
"Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course," Washington Post, April 19, 1918.
Carroll A. Deering
"Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships," New York Times, June 21, 1921.
"Bath Owners Skeptical," New York Times, June 22, 1921. piera antonella
"Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation," New York Times, June 22, 1921.
"More Ships Added To Mystery List," New York Times, June 22, 1921.
"Hunt On For Pirates," Washington Post, June 21, 1921
"Comb Seas For Ships," Washington Post, June 22, 1921.
"Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly," Washington Post, July 10, 1921.
Wreckers
"'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago," New York Times, March 30, 1969.
S.S. Suduffco
"To Search For Missing Freighter," New York Times, April 11, 1926.
"Abandon Hope For Ship," New York Times, April 28, 1926.
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
"Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner," New York Times, January 31, 1948.
"72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner," New York Times, January 19, 1949.
DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance
"30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami," New York Times, December 29, 1948.
"Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner," New York Times, December 30, 1948.
"Airliner Hunt Extended," New York Times, December 31, 1948.
Harvey Conover and Revonoc
"Search Continuing For Conover Yawl," New York Times, January 8, 1958.
"Yacht Search Goes On," New York Times, January 9, 1958.
"Yacht Search Pressed," New York Times, January 10, 1958.
"Conover Search Called Off," New York Times, January 15, 1958.
KC-135 Stratotankers
"Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets," New York Times, August 31, 1963.
"Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted," New York Times, September 3, 1963.
"Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt," Washington Post, August 30, 1963.
B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)
"U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success," New York Times, October 16, 1961.
"Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area," New York Times, October 17, 1961.
"Bomber Hunt Pressed," New York Times, October 18, 1961.
"Bomber Search Continuing," New York Times, October 19, 1961.
"Hunt For Bomber Ends," New York Times, October 20, 1961.
Charter vessel Sno'Boy
"Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea," New York Times, July 7, 1963.
"Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean," New York Times, July 11, 1963.
"Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean," Washington Post, July 6, 1963.
"Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat," Washington Post, July 7, 1963.
SS Marine Sulphur Queen
"Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard," Washington Post, February 9, 1963.
"Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida," New York Times, February 11, 1963.
"2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster," Washington Post, February 19, 1963.
"Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery," New York Times, April 14, 1964.
"Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here," New York Times, June 4, 1969.
"10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End," New York Times, February 4, 1973.
SS Sylvia L. Ossa
"Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S.," New York Times, October 18, 1976.
"Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea," New York Times, October 19, 1976.
"Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days," New York Times, October 31, 1976.
Website links
The following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, or ********s published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; for example, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval Historical Center.
Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by Vincent Gaddis
United States Coast Guard database of selected reports and inquiries
Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle researcher Gian Quasar
U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle FAQ
U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets, Sci Fi Channel ********ary (November 2005)
Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19
on losses of heavy ships at sea
Bermuda Shipwrecks
Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck listings page
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
List of lost aircraft
Books
Most of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased used at bookstores, or through E-Bay or Amazon.com. These books are often the only source material for some of the incidents that have taken place within the Triangle.
Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian J. Quasar, International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of missing craft as researched in official records. (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6).
The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however it's commonly available second-hand.
The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975). Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2)
Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X)
The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984), David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X)
The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.
Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN 0-9616167-4-1)
The Devil's Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553106880); this particular book sold well over a million copies by the end of its first year; to date there have been at least 17 printings.
The Devil's Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553024647)
From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553108603)
Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN 0425175480)
The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0446599611)
External links
"Database of selected reports and inquiries". United States Coast Guard.
"Bermuda Triangle Mystery". Gian Quasar, author of Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.
"Bermuda Triangle FAQ". US Navy Historical Center.
"Selective Bibliography". US Navy Historical Center.
"The Loss Of Flight 19". US Navy Historical Center.
"On losses of heavy ships at sea".
"Bermuda Shipwrecks".
Barnette, Michael C.. "Shipwreck listings page". Association of Underwater Explorers.
The Triangle area
The area of the Triangle varies by author
The boundaries of the triangle cover the Straits of Florida, the Bahamas and the entire Caribbean island area and the Atlantic east to the Azores. The more familiar triangular boundary in most written works has as its points somewhere on the Atlantic coast of Miami; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda, with most of the accidents concentrated along the southern boundary around the Bahamas and the Florida Straits.
The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points north.
History
Origins
The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 16, 1950 Associated Press article by Edward Van Winkle Jones.[5] Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door",[6] a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered in the April 1962 issue of American Legion Magazine.[7] It was claimed that the flight leader had been heard saying "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the water is green, no white." It was also claimed that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes "flew off to Mars." Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. In the February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis's article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region.[8] The next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book, Invisible Horizons.[9]
Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis's ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost, 1969, repr. 1973);[10] Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[11] Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974),[12] and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.[13]
Larry Kusche
Lawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda Triangle Mystery: Solved (1975)[14] argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman Donald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost three days out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percen***e of the incidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on possibly relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.
Kusche concluded that:
The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
In an area frequented by tropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part, neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious; furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail to mention such storms.
The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 off Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.
The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.[14]
Further responses
When the UK Channel 4 television program "The Bermuda Triangle" (c. 1992) was being produced by John Simmons of Geofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurer Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually large number of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's of London determined that large numbers of ships had not sunk there.[15]
United States Coast Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.[14]
The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their inquiries, much ********ation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg in the Gulf of Mexico, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,[16] in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup.[10]
The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place... Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."[17]
David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claim that a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that is not true. You can even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a claim untrue. The burden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they got their information from, to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything out."[17]
Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[18] and Barry Singer,[19] have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint.
Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons.[citation needed] The city of Freeport, located inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000 flights annually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.[20]
Supernatural explanations
Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame on leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.[21]
Other writers attribute the events to UFOs.[22] This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science fiction film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.
Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[11]
Natural explanations
Compass variations
Compass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,[23] such anomalies have not been shown to exist. Compasses have natural magnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known for centuries. Magnetic (compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same for a small number of places - for example, as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico.[24] But the public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.[14]
Deliberate acts of destruction
Deliberate acts of destruction can fall into two categories: acts of war, and acts of piracy. Records in enemy files have been checked for numerous losses. While many sinkings have been attributed to surface raiders or submarines during the World Wars and ********ed in various command log books, many others suspected as falling in that category have not been proven. It is suspected that the loss of USS Cyclops in 1918, as well as her sister ships Proteus and Nereus in World War II, were attributed to submarines, but no such link has been found in the German records.
Piracy—the illegal capture of a craft on the high seas—continues to this day. While piracy for cargo theft is more common in the western Pacific and Indian oceans, drug smugglers do steal pleasure boats for smuggling operations, and may have been involved in crew and yacht disappearances in the Caribbean. Piracy in the Caribbean was common from about 1560 to the 1760s, and famous pirates included Edward Teach (Blackbeard) and Jean Lafitte.[citation needed]
False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mi/h).[25] A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.
Human error
One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel is human error.[26] Whether deliberate or accidental, humans have been known to make mistakes resulting in catastrophe, and losses within the Bermuda Triangle are no exception. For example, the Coast Guard cited a lack of proper training for the cleaning of volatile benzene residue as a reason for the loss of the tanker SS V.A. Fogg in 1972[citation needed]. Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958.[27]
Hurricanes
Hurricanes are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives lost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle.
Methane hydrates
Main article: Methane clathrate
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.
Source: USGS
An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of vast fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on the continental ****ves.[28] Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water;[29] any wreckage consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If this were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.
Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, off the southeastern United States coast.[30] However, according to another of their papers, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[15]
Rogue waves
In various oceans around the world, rogue waves have caused ships to sink[31] and oil platforms to topple.[32] These waves, until 1995, were considered to be a mystery and/or a myth.[33][34]
Notable incidents
Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents
Flight 19
Main article: Flight 19
US Navy TBF Grumman Avenger flight, similar to Flight 19. This photo had been used by various Triangle authors to illustrate Flight 19 itself. (US Navy)
Flight 19 was a training flight of TBM Avenger bombers that went missing on December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight path was scheduled to take them due east for 120 miles, north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 120-mile leg that would return them to the naval base, but they never returned. The impression is given[citation needed] that the flight encountered unusual phenomena and anomalous compass readings, and that the flight took place on a calm day under the supervision of an experienced pilot, Lt. Charles Carroll Taylor. Adding to the intrigue is that the Navy's report of the accident ascribed it to "causes or reasons unknown."[citation needed]
Adding to the mystery, a search and rescue Mariner aircraft with a 13-man crew was dispatched to aid the missing squadron, but the Mariner itself was never heard from again. Later, there was a report from a tanker cruising off the coast of Florida of a visible explosion[35] at about the time the Mariner would have been on patrol.
While the basic facts of this version of the story are essentially accurate, some important details are missing. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident, and naval reports and written recordings of the conversations between Taylor and the other pilots of Flight 19 do not indicate magnetic problems.[36]
Mary Celeste
Main article: Mary Celeste
The mysterious abandonment in 1872 of the 282-ton brigantine Mary Celeste is often but inaccurately connected to the Triangle, the ship having been abandoned off the coast of Portugal. The event is possibly confused with the loss of a ship with a similar name, the Mari Celeste, a 207-ton paddle steamer that hit a reef and quickly sank off the coast of Bermuda on September 13, 1864.[37][38] Kusche noted that many of the "facts" about this incident were actually about the Marie Celeste, the fictional ship from Arthur Conan Doyle's short story "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (based on the real Mary Celeste incident, but fictionalised).
Ellen Austin
The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's of London records proved the existence of the ****, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the **** was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.[39]
USS Cyclops
Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4)
The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when USS Cyclops, under the command of Lt Cdr G.W. Worley, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[40][41]
Theodosia Burr Alston
Further information: Theodosia Burr Alston
Theodosia Burr Alston was the daughter of former United States Vice President Aaron Burr. Her disappearance has been cited at least once in relation to the Triangle.[42] She was a passenger on board the Patriot, which sailed from Charleston, South Carolina to New York City on December 30, 1812, and was never heard from again. The planned route is well outside all but the most extended versions of the Bermuda Triangle. Both piracy and the War of 1812 have been posited as explanations, as well as a theory placing her in Texas, well outside the Triangle.
Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from the Cape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921, two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard)
Carroll A. Deering
Main article: Carroll A. Deering
A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possibly involving another ship, S.S. Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated that the Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's disappearance.[43]
Douglas DC-3
Main article: NC16002 disappearance
On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people onboard was ever found. From the ********ation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark to their cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.[44]
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
Main articles: G-AHNP "Star Tiger" and G-AGRE "Star Ariel"
G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Ariel disappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways.[45] Both planes were operating at the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[14]
KC-135 Stratotankers
On August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis[8][11][12]) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research[14] showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.
SS Marine Sulphur Queen
Main article: SS Marine Sulphur Queen
SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a T2 tanker converted from oil to sulfur carrier, was last heard from on February 4, 1963 with a crew of 39 near the Florida Keys. Marine Sulphur Queen was the first vessel mentioned in Vincent Gaddis' 1964 Argosy Magazine article,[8] but he left it as having "sailed into the unknown", despite the Coast Guard report, which not only ********ed the ship's badly-maintained history, but declared that it was an unseaworthy vessel that should never have gone to sea.[46][47]
Connemara IV
A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer[11][12]) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force.[14] It was confirmed that the Connemara IV was empty and in port when Ione may have caused the yacht to slip her moorings and drift out to sea.[citation needed]
Influence on culture
Entertainment
The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride called Bermuda Triangle.
Music
Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region.
Movies
The Triangle, a 2001 thriller television movie, is set in the Bermuda Triangle.
The Triangle is also a three-part science fiction miniseries concerning the Bermuda Triangle.
Triangle authors
The incidents cited above, apart from the official ********ation, come from the following works. Some incidents mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:
Gian J. Quasar (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery ((Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6) ed.). International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press. ISBN 0-07-142640-X.
[11] Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
[14] Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
[10] John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
David Group (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X.
[38] Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
[12] Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.
Richard Winer (1975). The Devil's Triangle 2. ISBN 0553024647.
[42] Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.
See also
List of Bermuda Triangle incidents
Atlantis
Devil's Sea (or Dragon's Triangle)
The Michigan Triangle
Sargasso Sea
SS Cotopaxi
The Triangle (TV miniseries)
Vile Vortices
References
^ Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2003). "Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia". Journal of Teacher Education 54: 275. doi:10.1177/0022487103256793.
^ Bermuda Triangle
^ Bermuda Triangle
^ USCG: Frequently Asked Questions
^ E.V.W. Jones (September 16, 1950). "unknown title, newspaper articles". Associated Press.
^ George X. Sand (October 1952). "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door". Fate.
^ Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). "The Lost Patrol". American Legion.
^ a b c Vincent Gaddis (February 1964). "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle". Argosy: 28–29, 116–118..
^ Vincent Gaddis (1965). Invisible Horizons.
^ a b c John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
^ a b c d e Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
^ a b c d Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.
^ "Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913–2003". Skeptic (Altadena, CA). March , 2004.
^ a b c d e f g h Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
^ a b "Bermuda Triangle". Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole.
^ "V A Fogg" (PDF). USCG.
^ a b "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. PBS. 1976-06-27.
^ Taves, Ernest (1978). The Skeptical Inquirer 111 (1): pp. 75–76.
^ Singer, Barry (1979). The Humanist XXXIX (3): pp. 44–45.
^ CIA World Factbook -- Bahamas, The
^ "A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers". Skeptical Inquirer. January 2004.[dead link]
^ "UFO over Bermuda Triangle". Ufos.about.com. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Bermuda Triangle". US Navy. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ "National Geomagnetism Program | Charts | North America | Declination" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
^ Phillips, Pamela. "The Gulf Stream". USNA/Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
^ "Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue". National Geographic. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ Scott, Captain Thomas A.. Histories & Mysteries: The Shipwrecks of Key Largo.
^ "Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE". OTSI.
^ "Could methane bubbles sink ships?". Monash Univ..
^ Paull, C.K. and W.P., D., 1981, (1981). "Appearance and distribution of the gas hydrate reflection in the Blake Ridge region, offshore southeastern United States". Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole. MF-1252..
^ Broad, William J. (July 11, 2006). "Rogue Giants at Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
^ [1][dead link]
^ "ESA Portal - Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites". Esa.int. 1995-01-01. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Secret to Towering Rogue Waves Revealed". LiveScience. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "The Loss of Flight 19". [2].
^ "The Disappearance of Flight 19". Bermuda Triangle .org.
^ "Mari Celeste Wreck". Shipwreckexpo.com. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ a b Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
^ "Ellen Austin". Bermuda Triangle .org.
^ "Bermuda triangle". D Merrill.
^ "Myths and Folklore of Bermuda". Bermuda Cruises.
^ a b Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.
^ "Carroll A Deering". Graveyard of the Atlantic.
^ "Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948" (PDF). Aviation Safety.
^ "The Tudors". Bermuda Triangle .org.
^ "Marine Sulphur Queen" (PDF). USCG.
^ "The Queen with the Weak Back". TIME. March 8, 1963. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Other sources
Newspaper articles
Proquest [3] has newspaper source material for many incidents, archived in .pdf format. The newspapers include the New York Times, Washington Post, and the Atlanta Constitution. To access this website, registration is required, usually through a library connected to a college or university.
Flight 19
"Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida," New York Times, December 7, 1945.
"Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes," Washington Post, December 7, 1945.
"Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men," Washington Post, December 9, 1945.
SS Cotopaxi
"Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As "Missing," New York Times, January 7, 1926.
"Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail," Washington Post, December 6, 1925.
"Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship," Washington Post, December 7, 1925.
"53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved," Washington Post, December 13, 1925.
USS Cyclops (AC-4)
"Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage," Washington Post, March 11, 1918.
"Collier Overdue A Month," New York Times, April 15, 1918.
"More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops," New York Times, April 16, 1918.
"Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops," New York Times, April 17, 1918.
"Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
"U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
"Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said," Washington Post, April 16, 1918.
"Fate Of Ship Baffles," Washington Post, April 16, 1918.
"Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course," Washington Post, April 19, 1918.
Carroll A. Deering
"Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships," New York Times, June 21, 1921.
"Bath Owners Skeptical," New York Times, June 22, 1921. piera antonella
"Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation," New York Times, June 22, 1921.
"More Ships Added To Mystery List," New York Times, June 22, 1921.
"Hunt On For Pirates," Washington Post, June 21, 1921
"Comb Seas For Ships," Washington Post, June 22, 1921.
"Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly," Washington Post, July 10, 1921.
Wreckers
"'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago," New York Times, March 30, 1969.
S.S. Suduffco
"To Search For Missing Freighter," New York Times, April 11, 1926.
"Abandon Hope For Ship," New York Times, April 28, 1926.
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
"Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner," New York Times, January 31, 1948.
"72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner," New York Times, January 19, 1949.
DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance
"30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami," New York Times, December 29, 1948.
"Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner," New York Times, December 30, 1948.
"Airliner Hunt Extended," New York Times, December 31, 1948.
Harvey Conover and Revonoc
"Search Continuing For Conover Yawl," New York Times, January 8, 1958.
"Yacht Search Goes On," New York Times, January 9, 1958.
"Yacht Search Pressed," New York Times, January 10, 1958.
"Conover Search Called Off," New York Times, January 15, 1958.
KC-135 Stratotankers
"Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets," New York Times, August 31, 1963.
"Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted," New York Times, September 3, 1963.
"Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt," Washington Post, August 30, 1963.
B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)
"U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success," New York Times, October 16, 1961.
"Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area," New York Times, October 17, 1961.
"Bomber Hunt Pressed," New York Times, October 18, 1961.
"Bomber Search Continuing," New York Times, October 19, 1961.
"Hunt For Bomber Ends," New York Times, October 20, 1961.
Charter vessel Sno'Boy
"Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea," New York Times, July 7, 1963.
"Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean," New York Times, July 11, 1963.
"Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean," Washington Post, July 6, 1963.
"Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat," Washington Post, July 7, 1963.
SS Marine Sulphur Queen
"Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard," Washington Post, February 9, 1963.
"Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida," New York Times, February 11, 1963.
"2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster," Washington Post, February 19, 1963.
"Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery," New York Times, April 14, 1964.
"Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here," New York Times, June 4, 1969.
"10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End," New York Times, February 4, 1973.
SS Sylvia L. Ossa
"Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S.," New York Times, October 18, 1976.
"Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea," New York Times, October 19, 1976.
"Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days," New York Times, October 31, 1976.
Website links
The following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, or ********s published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; for example, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval Historical Center.
Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by Vincent Gaddis
United States Coast Guard database of selected reports and inquiries
Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle researcher Gian Quasar
U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle FAQ
U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets, Sci Fi Channel ********ary (November 2005)
Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19
on losses of heavy ships at sea
Bermuda Shipwrecks
Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck listings page
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
List of lost aircraft
Books
Most of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased used at bookstores, or through E-Bay or Amazon.com. These books are often the only source material for some of the incidents that have taken place within the Triangle.
Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian J. Quasar, International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of missing craft as researched in official records. (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6).
The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however it's commonly available second-hand.
The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975). Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2)
Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X)
The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984), David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X)
The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.
Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN 0-9616167-4-1)
The Devil's Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553106880); this particular book sold well over a million copies by the end of its first year; to date there have been at least 17 printings.
The Devil's Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553024647)
From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553108603)
Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN 0425175480)
The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0446599611)
External links
"Database of selected reports and inquiries". United States Coast Guard.
"Bermuda Triangle Mystery". Gian Quasar, author of Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.
"Bermuda Triangle FAQ". US Navy Historical Center.
"Selective Bibliography". US Navy Historical Center.
"The Loss Of Flight 19". US Navy Historical Center.
"On losses of heavy ships at sea".
"Bermuda Shipwrecks".
Barnette, Michael C.. "Shipwreck listings page". Association of Underwater Explorers.
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
The land that is now Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.
Canada is a federation that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. One of the world's highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G8, G-20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and UN
The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word, kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier towards the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada.[11]
In the 17th and early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were re-unified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12] Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and Dominion (a term from Psalm 72:8)[13] was conferred as the country's title. Combined, the term Dominion of Canada was in common usage until the 1950s.[14] As Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.
Aboriginal peoples
Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Archaeological and Indigenous genetic studies support a human presence in the northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in southern Ontario from 9,500 years ago.[15][16][17] Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the earliest archaeological sites of human (Paleo-Indians) habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] Among the First Nations peoples, there are eight unique stories of creation and their adaptations.[21] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements,[22] agriculture,[23] civic and ceremonial architecture,[24] complex societal hierarchies and trading networks.[25] Some of these cultures had long faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been discovered through archaeological investigations.
The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[26] and two million in the late 15th century,[27] with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[28] Repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a forty to eighty percent aboriginal population decrease post-contact.[26] Aboriginal peoples in Canada include the First Nations,[29] Inuit,[30] and Métis.[31] The Métis a culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers.[32] The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period
The land that is now Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.
Canada is a federation that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. One of the world's highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G8, G-20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and UN
The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word, kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier towards the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada.[11]
In the 17th and early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were re-unified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12] Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and Dominion (a term from Psalm 72:8)[13] was conferred as the country's title. Combined, the term Dominion of Canada was in common usage until the 1950s.[14] As Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.
Aboriginal peoples
Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Archaeological and Indigenous genetic studies support a human presence in the northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in southern Ontario from 9,500 years ago.[15][16][17] Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the earliest archaeological sites of human (Paleo-Indians) habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] Among the First Nations peoples, there are eight unique stories of creation and their adaptations.[21] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements,[22] agriculture,[23] civic and ceremonial architecture,[24] complex societal hierarchies and trading networks.[25] Some of these cultures had long faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been discovered through archaeological investigations.
The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[26] and two million in the late 15th century,[27] with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[28] Repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a forty to eighty percent aboriginal population decrease post-contact.[26] Aboriginal peoples in Canada include the First Nations,[29] Inuit,[30] and Métis.[31] The Métis a culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers.[32] The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period
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